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In Java, the final keyword is a non-access modifier used for various purposes. It can be applied to variables, methods, and classes. When used correctly, final can significantly enhance the reliability and clarity of your Java code.
Understanding ‘final’ Variables
Immutable Values
A final variable in Java can be set only once. After its initial value has been assigned, it cannot be modified. This immutability aspect is crucial for creating constants or ensuring that a reference does not change.
Example:
final int MAX_USERS = 100;
In this example, MAX_USERS is a constant that will always represent the value 100.
Use of ‘final’ in Methods
Preventing Method Overriding
When a method is declared as final, it cannot be overridden by subclasses. This is particularly useful when you want to maintain a specific behavior of the method that is critical to the parent class’s integrity.
Example:
public final void connect() {
// Connection logic
}
Here, the connect method cannot be altered in any subclass, ensuring consistent behavior across different implementations.
Applying ‘final’ to Classes
Restricting Inheritance
A class declared as final cannot be subclassed. This is often used to prevent altering the fundamental nature of the class through inheritance.
Example:
public final class Utility {
// Class content
}
In this case, the Utility class cannot have any subclasses, safeguarding its intended functionality.
Best Practices with ‘final’
Enhancing Code Clarity
Using final effectively can make your code more readable and maintainable. It clearly communicates the intent of your code to other developers. For instance, a final class or method tells others that its behavior is crucial and should not be changed.
Improving Performance
In some cases, using final can lead to slight performance optimizations. Compilers and JVMs can make certain assumptions about final variables, methods, and classes that may result in more efficient code execution.
Conclusion
The final keyword in Java serves multiple purposes, from creating immutable variables to preventing inheritance and method overriding. By understanding and utilizing final appropriately, you can write more robust, clear, and efficient Java code. Remember to balance its use with your code’s flexibility and extensibility needs.
by the Bito team. 
